Cotract Law

Contract law A contract is an agreement between two or more parties, with the intention of creating a legal obligation, which may have elements in writing. And it can be made orally. This agreement creates a legal relationship of rights and duties on the parties and if these obligations in the agreement are not fulfilled then serious action could be taken by the courts on the party. There are three key elements for the conception of a contract. These are offer, acceptance, consideration and an intention to create legal relations.Generally the parties to a written contract comprehend that they have entered into a binding agreement, but they do not always grasp this point when making an oral or implied contract. It is always difficult to prove the terms of an oral or implied contract than those of a written one. Elements of a contract An offer: an expression of willingness to contract on a specific set of terms, made by the offer or with the intention that, if the offer is accepted, he or she will be bound by a contract. Acceptance: an expression of absolute and unconditional agreement to all the terms set out in the offer.It can be oral or in writing. The acceptance must exactly mirror the original offer made. Consideration: each party to the contract must receive something of value. But it is not necessary that it should be specified in the contract. An agreement made without consideration is void. Persons competent to contract All persons are legally authorized to enter into a contract except for the following: †¢ Minors †¢ Mentally incompetent persons. †¢ Person who is ineligible from entering into the contract by law.

Evaluate how a selected business uses e-business Essay

Evaluate how successful a selected business organisation has been in preparing for the growing use of e-business. In this report the business I have chosen to evaluate is Tesco’s. Tesco’s is one of the largest supermarket stores around the world; it has 330,000 staff working in 3,146 stores, there are stores located in China, Turkey and Japan. Research shows that they have stores in 9 other different countries and 27 million people outside of the UK own their own club card to receive offers and discounts from Tesco’s. They sell a range of different products to suit customer’s needs. The products range from food and groceries, their own clothing brand F&F, their own mobile phone network, and also have personal banking. Tesco’s are all about making their customers happy by offering them services which can be very useful, including bank loans. There slogan ‘Every little helps’ is not just a slogan but is one of their aims, they want to mak e sure all products that they sell are at a reasonable price to meet customer’s needs. Tesco’s was originally set up as a store but opened up an online website to make it easier for customers who are unable to visit the stores, this could be due to working hours. The online website offers all products which are available in stores; they offer a delivery service and a pickup service for customers. There are strategies which Tesco’s have used to develop their E-Business, one being making a 24 hour global presence. Tesco’s online website is 24 hours; because they don’t only sell to customers in the UK they sell to customers around the world. It is important for them to have a 24 hour website for the customers in different time zones to the UK. Having a 24 hour website can benefit both customers and Tesco’s because customers who have all day jobs may not have time to make an order online during the day, having a 24 website can help them because they are then able to purchase products at night. Another strategy that Tesco’s have is; communicating with customers. Tesco’s are able to communicate with customers using the Internet and technology, they can email customers about new products they have and the products that customers have ordered to confirm their delivery. Tesco’s also use E-Marketing remixes to help develop their E-Business. E-Marketing is how the website looks in order to sell your products and services, to make it easier for customers to buy products online Tesco’s have made the website easy for all people to use. They have a previous buy items page for customers when they sign in so they  can see what they brought on their last delivery to make it easier and faster to choose what to buy. To keep up with trends and technology Tesco’s change the design of their website a couple of times a year, this is to ensure that the website always stays easy for customers to use because technology is changing constantly Tesco’s need to keep up. They have made a mobile phone website so customers are able t o buy products online using their mobile where ever they are. In order to maintain a business effectively it needs to be successful, Tesco’s have been one of the most successful companies’ worldwide selling products and opening stores in 12 different countries. Research shows that Tesco’s profits are getting higher and higher as they are developing into their new E-Business. There are many ways to now access Tesco’s which is making it easier for customers to buy from them. The Daily Mail states that Tesco’s are earning a  £105 profit each second. Other research shows that sales for Tesco’s have made it to  £10 million per week for Tesco’s online. This shows that Tesco’s is running a very effective and successful business as their profits are getting higher each year.

MGT QUESTION 8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

MGT QUESTION 8 - Essay Example It is not professional to let him know that I have a glimpse of the problem. As part of an advice to this employee, approaching this problem by using myself as an example will help. I would let them know that I also go through personal problems and irritations as a supervisor and I try not to let them affect my work. In conclusion, I will advice the employee to take extra effort and be less abrasive on others. Dan is a good employee who has worked in this company for about 10 years. However, he is afraid of change that is just about to happen and thinks it is not necessary. As his supervisor, I am aware that if this is unchecked it will spoil the effectiveness and environment of the entire department. The solution lies in calling Dan for one on one discussion where I will express my concern in a non-threatening manner and allow him to expresses his fears. I will encourage him to be as open and honest as possible. After listening to his fears, I will explain to Dan the reasons for change in the day-to-day operations process, which include the size of the company, increased productivity, and efficiency. I expect he will choose to comply because once productivity is improved, he can bargain again for a better

Project report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Project report - Essay Example Hence, we decided to go for the Bluetooth speaker on a plane that connects to an iOS system. The Bluetooth speaker that connects in an airplane requires everyday materials like LEDs (Light emitting diodes) , an arduino which is an open electronic board based on user friendly hardware and software with a few PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) pins, a Bluetooth low energy shield, a proto shield, a momentary push switch, some copper wire and, an Iphone 4s or an Iphone 5. Ipad (mini, 5, 4) or an Ipod touch 5th generation can also be used in place of the Iphone. Resistors can also be used, but their use is dependent on the type of LEDs we are using. Since, according to Ohm’s law, resistance and voltage are directly proportional to each other if all other things are constant, therefore high voltage LEDs will require a resistor (Instructables.com 2015). The use of low voltage LEDs eliminate the need to use resistors and also help in cutting down the cost. Most of the materials used are readily available in local hardware stores. Usually there exists a BLE (Bluetooth Low Energy) compatible App on the App Store that can get the iOS system to read the BLE compatible device. In case, the user wants to add additional things, a new customized App can be written. The customized app can help run other features that the traditional BLE reader lacks. However, to develop and then run a customized app on an iOS device an extra $100 enrollment fee is required because one needs to be enrolled in the iOS developer program with Apple (Instructables.com 2015). Since, we are trying to cut down on costs we will not write a new customized app in App Store. Instead we will go with the already present App of Red bear Lab’s in the Apple App Store. The project is fairly easy to make and requires very less time. The materials are not ordered; rather they are just bought off shelves from a hardware store or an electrical equipment shop. This eliminates the ordering

Executive Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Executive Summary - Essay Example With respect to the element of place, the company has retail stores in every place with target consumers. Proportional presence and wide availability in regional markets enables timely delivery of products to both domestic and international consumers. In order to provide the right product at the right time, Old Navy employs selective distribution techniques in linking producers with consumers through distribution facilities in consumer markets. Theoretically, effective promotion and pricing techniques are among the essential pillars of a strong marketing strategy. Old Navy employs promotional strategies like television advertisements, visual merchandisers, social media marketing and drive-by campaigns using celebrities. All these promotional approaches are meant to not only enhance publicity of the company’s products but also promote the fun side of shoppers’ experience. With respect to the element of pricing, Old Navy uses approaches like pricing flexibility, markups and psychological pricing techniques. These approaches are synchronized with sales-oriented objectives in order to enhance the competitive aspects of Old Navy. Aside from the aforementioned approaches, Old Navy also employs pricing incentives like discounting, credit card rewards and coupons. All pricing approaches are meant to entice customers into buying Old Navy products. Old Navy is a brand that has become well known throughout most of Northern America. As an apparel company, it serves the needs of its clients by providing quality goods at an affordable price. Such apparel consists of maternity clothing, footwear, and clothes for newborns. Not only does Old Navy focus on apparel, but it also offers a wide range of accessories for customers to choose from when shopping. The company, a subsidiary of Gap Inc., tries to stay at the forefront of current fashion trends in order to retain its customer’s interests. Old Navy’s goal is to make

UK Constitutional Law (United Kingdom) Assignment

UK Constitutional Law (United Kingdom) - Assignment Example The legislations are however not without issues, as demonstrated in the Jackson v Attorney General [2005] case regarding the legality of the application of Parliament Acts of 1911 and 1949 to pass the Hunting Act, making it illegal to hunt wild animals using dogs, except in very limited circumstances. 6The case was heard by a Divisional court and later passed on the court of appeal. The court of appeal decision was that constitutional changes could not be passed under the parliament act of 1911. 2The legal issues raised in this case is that any legislation done under the parliament Act of 1911 was not primary, but a subordinate one. The legislative power wielded by the Act was not limited, and thus was open to statutory interpretation. Upon reaching the decision, the judges raised the issue that the Act did not authorize the House of Commons to change or remove any conditions on which the law-making power is based. 6 The judges observed that the 1911 Act was wide to authorize some am endments of the commons law making power, contrary to the 1949 Act, which was observed to be substantial and significant. 6The discussion by the judges was that it was highly unlikely that the House of Commons could contemplate to use the Act to enact a legislation that the House of Lords had not consented to or to abolish the House of Lords completely. 2 If however, the House of Commons had such intentions, then it would be seen as contrary to the intentions of the parliament, when it was enacting such legislations. This gives the opinion that the 1911 act was much ambiguous, and require situational interpretation for its effective applicability. The roots of the two legislations can be traced back to the Budgeting done in the year 1909, which proposed the taxation of lands, with the ideas that a land tax should be introduced to raise budget money. The conservatives, who were mainly the large landowners opposed the proposal and saw its downfall through the House of Lords where they wielded immense power. Consequently, there was a perceived need to limit the powers of the House of Lords, through granting the House of Commons more power, most significantly the power to pass legislations without seeking the approval of the House of Lords. 1The agenda of the refused budget proposal become the bottom-line of the 1910 elections, where the liberals sought to limit the powers of the House of the Lords, when they got back to parliament t after the elections. This was eventually to happen, a milestone that saw the power of the House of Lords, to control and scrutinize all legislations and give their approval before any legislation was passed to a law curtailed. The provisions of Parliament Acts of 1911 underlined the fact that the House of Lords no longer had powers to veto any legislation emanating from the House of Commons. The only exception granted was on the issue of extending the maximum term of the parliament from to over five years. 2 The effect of this was to scrap off the powers of the House of Lords, leaving them with only an authority to delay bills but not to reject

MENTAL HEALTH..... SOCIAL WORK DEGREE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

MENTAL HEALTH..... SOCIAL WORK DEGREE - Essay Example These measures will help autonomy in psychiatry, as stated by Richardson (2007: p.71). The AMHP who could be from any discipline in the health care field, would be required to coordinate the ‘preliminary examination’ of a person liable to be treated under a compulsory order, and to provide a non-medical assessment alongside the assessment of two medical practitioners (Hannigan & Hannigan, 2003: p.38). Details About Patient Being Brought to A & E: Keith Burrows was brought to the Melchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust’s A & E Department by the police at 4:20 am on a Section 136. He had banged on his neighbours’ door at about 2 am, demanding to see his mother. The elderly couple, both in their 70s, had called the police due to the disturbance caused by Keith. When he became aggressive towards the police, they used Section 136 on him, and brought him for assessment and evaluation to the A & E department. 2Section 136 enables a police officer to remove someone from a public place and take them to a Place of Safety for a duration of up to 72 hours. Section 136 states clearly that the purpose of being taken to the Place of Safety is to enable the person to be examined by a doctor and interviewed by an Approved Social Worker, and for the making of any necessary arrangements for treatment or care. Past History of Illness: Social work records show that Keith Burrows was admitted on a section in 2003. A Section 2 assessment had been done, as indicated in the social circumstances report prepared at that time. The social circumstances report indicates that Mr. Burrows was living alone in a housing association property. His sister Rosa Burrows had contacted the General Practitioner since she was concerned about his health and welfare. Their mother had died three months previously, after which Keith Burrows had become

How does the distributional role of the state (in income Essay

How does the distributional role of the state (in income redistribution and the alleviation of poverty) conflict with the objective of economic efficiency - Essay Example The market system does not guarantee that everyone will have the same opportunity to accumulate wealth and once an inequality in the distribution of wealth arises it tends to be self perpetuating because wealth can be inherited. (SJ Grant 2000). It is a general characteristic of developing countries that income is unevenly distributed. Partly, because the income generating assets especially land are owned by the few. As a result we can see great extremes of both the rich and the poor. In 1998 for example the World Bank figures show that in Peru the poorest 20% of the population had only 4.4percent of total household income, while the richest 20% had 51.3% of total household income. These great extremes of the rich and the poor mean that in developing countries deprivation is very common. The distribution of income can be examined in two main ways .One is by examining the distribution of income between the factors of production. In this case the wages account for the largest percentage but the share of income has fallen over the years. Another way of examining the distribution of income is to examine how disposable income is distributed. Disposable income mainly consists of incomes that are derived from factor services together with various forms of cash benefits, i.e. social security payments etc . Minus direct taxes i.e. income taxes and national insurance contributions. Two very vital elements in the income of households of distribution are the investment income and the income derived from self employment. The unequal distribution of wealth is a major cause of the inequality in the distribution of income. ‘Gross Inequalities in the distributions of income and wealth lead to feelings of ‘unfairness’ because , quite apart from creating inequalities in living standards , they lead to inequalities of opportunities in living standards ,they lead to inequalities of opportunity. The wealthy can buy

Leadership in organizations Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership in organizations - Term Paper Example Therefore, in asking this question, the expected answer that would demonstrate leadership in general, and the ability to lead Microsoft in particular would therefore comprise of the following fundamental leadership principles: Strong value system Leadership is defined in different parameters. Nevertheless, the common denominator for effective and successful leadership is that the leader at least believes in something, and consistently seeks self-improvement through strengthening the visionary attributes. Therefore, possessing a strong value system is a vital aspect of effective and successful leadership, considering that it makes the leader consistent in pursuing the goals of the organization, without being deterred by any challenges (Manfred and De Vries, 7). Take for example, Bill Gates has ranked on top of the richest people in the world, yet with all that money, he still woke up every day and headed to his place of work, until his retirement. Such characteristics can only be demo nstrated by a leader who really believes in something, and that belief gives him the drive to pursue the vision and the objectives of the organization every single day, even when money, fame and power is no longer the motivating factors, having already achieved them. Thus, the fundamental and the most important answer that would be expected of a candidate for the post of the Microsoft CEO, should comprise a statement indicating that the candidate is visionary, and has a strong value system, making it possible for the candidate to consistently pursue the vision of the organization. However, being visionary alone is not adequate to make an individual effective and successful leader, whenever it is devoid of the ability to construct the vision and the belief system into a solid and tangible construction that can be perceived by all the organizational stakeholders (Manfred and De Vries, 8). The vision of Microsoft over the past decades has been to transform and change the world. While t his can simply be categorized as a general, inarticulate and overambitious vision, it simply defines the great belief that Bill Gates and the organization had, to reach every part of the world and supply their products, to form a platform that would transform the whole world. Today, there is no denial that Microsoft has transformed the world, through making the dream of having a computer in every household in the world become virtually true, since even for those who do not have desktop computers, they have other gadgets that are utilizing the Microsoft developed software to run. Demonstrate a sense of humility, tolerance, tact and charisma In answering what defines the candidate’s leadership style, a sense of humility is among the most sought characteristic that the candidate should be able to demonstrate, among the fundamental principles that constitutes effective and successful leadership (Manfred and De Vries, 12). Good and effective leadership is characterized by humility , where the leader is not simply leading the organization through issuing orders and placing a firm hand on his employees, but where the leader becomes the example in accomplishing the objectives and visions of the organizat

Examples of Key Literary Terms Essay Example for Free

Examples of Key Literary Terms Essay Farce: A comedy; a short play, in which both sub ­tle humor and hilarity are developed through improbable situations, exaggeration and (often) ridiculous antics. The example in our text was: I’m going! A comedy in one act, there was never a doubt that Henri was going to the races from the very start, no matter what Jeanne (Henri’s wife) had to say. The comedy behind this was Henri and Jeanne arguing back and forth about Henri going to the races without Jeanne, then a sudden twist when Jeanne finally decided that she would go visit her friend (Juliette) and Henri could go to the race. Well, then Henri didn’t want Jeanne to do that so he would not leave until Jeanne told him she would stay home alone. This demonstrated (Farce) because the author used humor and ridiculous antics throughout his play. Imagination: The human power that shapes artistic expression; it enables a writer’s work to become an expression of meaning in our world, and allows readers to engage in identifying with what the writer’s work has to say about things that matter. The example given in our text for Imagination was: The Secret Life of Walter Mitty. Walter had a very vivid imagination, throughout his story he was a commander in an 8 engine Navy hydroplane, a famous surgeon helping a friend of President Roosevelt, an accused witness in a court room trial, a captain in a war plane and finally finds himself fearlessly facing a firing squad; all while driving his wife to the city and waiting for her to have her hair done. This story demonstrated a lot of artistic expression, and you could almost get lost in what was actually real and what was imagined. Image: A distinct representation of some ­thing that can be experienced and understood through the senses (sight, hearing, touch, smell and taste), or the representation of an idea. Writers use precise language in developing images, or imagery, in literature. The example given for Image in our text was: Dog’s Death. The family dog was sick and no one noticed until it was too late as the dog died on the way to the vet. Upon the family returning home they notice diarrhea across the kitchen floor where the dog had tried to use the paper they had lay on the floor for it. This demonstrated (image) through the sense of sight, even though the dog had died, what it had left behind was a very sad reminder of it. Song: A lyrical musical expression, a source of emotional outlet common in ancient communi ­ties and still influential in contemporary culture. The example given for (song) in our text was: Dream Boogie. Basically it is a song, songs and music are expressions of what people are feeling and since we are all human we often have many of the same feelings as others. My son is a song writer and he mostly writes depressing love songs because of all the girls that have done him wrong. I can relate to his music because of all the men that have done me wrong. Clugston, R. W. (2010). Journey into literature. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc.

Achievements of Ancient Egypt

Achievements of Ancient Egypt Achievement of Ancient Egypt: The achievements of ancient Egypt can be traced back to the period between 3000 BC to 31 BC. From advances in mathematics, literature to symbolized achievements in medicine art and science, Egypt has made tremendous advances in shaping the world civilization (Winckelmann and Alex, 54). It was a leading Middle Eastern power in the period of 612 onwards. The emperor of Macedonian conqueror Alexander the Great desired to be crowned pharaoh that indicated that civilization made strides even for longer periods (Smith and Roger, 33). Alexander the Greats general named Ptolemy became an independent ruler in 305BC after being crowned pharaoh, and his line of rule lasted to the famous queen, Cleopatra. She passed on in 31B.C.After this period of time, the Roman Empire were able to capture the Nile Valley, and it was ruled by foreigners for over a period of a thousand years (Smith and Roger, 16). These meant that the Egyptian culture had to change to states of unrecognizable features. Within this paper, there would be a detailed analysis of these achievements ranging from agriculture, art to science to technology. Agriculture Life in Egypt was centered on the river Nile. Farmers developed long irrigation methods which controlled the flow of water so as to ensure that crop yields were maintained throughout seasons whether dry or rainy. They divided the year into 12 months,30 days each month and five days of celebration (Smith and Roger, 21). They also made the solar calendar. The rich fertile valleys made it possible for projects such as Pyramids through the surpluses of crops. These surpluses were used to fund the refined lifestyle for the elite to help in diplomatic and trade relations and to enable wars of conquest were paid for (Winckelmann and Alex, 57). Writing and literature: The earliest hieroglyphic writing dated back to 3000 BC. Hieroglyphs represented a word, sound or a silent determinative and the symbol could serve different purposes in reference to a specific context (Wilkinson, 42). Though the majorities were written from right to left, the Egyptian ideograms were made up of hundreds of symbols that could be recited in rows or columns or either direction (Smith and Roger, 27). These ideograms were exclusively used in tombs and on stone monuments in Egypt. Another form of writing that existed and which was highly accepted by the scribes was the one called hieratic. It uses a cursive script or in other words a joined up writing. It was easy and quicker to use, in comparison to hieroglyphic (Shaw, 32). Towards the end of Ancient Egyptian civilization that is around 500 BC a new form of writing emerged called the Demotic. It was phonetic, semi-alphabetic script. Literature Most of the Egyptian hieroglyphic texts are theological or commemorative. Their literature is notably evident in public monuments, and walls of temples. Love poetry, proverbs, curses, myths and legends are all found in hieratic and later modified into demotic scripts (Shaw, 22). Stories have been discovered dating back to the middle Kingdom. One of the famous stories, is the story of sinuhe. Another tale is that of Wenamum; that offers an insight into Egypts declining phase (Wilkinson, 37). These stories were said to have style and impact which was based on stories from Reminiscent Arabian nights. The Egyptian stories proved that a lively literary tradition even in the sense of humour existed in Ancient Egypt. They may also be used to illustrate the theme of secular versus esoteric literature (Smith and Roger, 41). Religion was an important element of Egyptian literature. Hymns and prayers were written for purposes of praising gods. The Egyptians regarded the Pharaoh as a god, and their supreme god was called the Ra. He was the god of the light, and guardian of Egyptian lives. Art Egyptian art was a true reflection of their way of life. This was greatly proved in temple drawings, and tombs of prominent people. The intention of these drawings was to provide information which the deceased could use while transiting to another level of life (Shaw, 31). It provided instructions to these people, on how they ought to conduct themselves in the other life. Talk of mysteries. Furthermore, pictures of servants, slaves, and food were used to denote that the deceased would need them, just as they are needed in the physical life (Smith and Roger, 45). In addition, artists used paints (blue, red, orange and white) made from naturally occurring minerals. By the time of Ramses, the second, artists gained the capability of shading colors for purposes of achieving a layered effect. Sculptors were also important in ancient Egypt (Wilkinson, 41). Furthermore, Egyptians made statutes of animals, gods, kings, queens etc, for purposes of praise and worship. Pottery glazed with miner als was always used to make amulets, pendants, beads, jewelry. Architecture Architectural achievements in ancient Egypt were built of stone. This stones came from quarries that were notable of supplying granite, limestone, sandstone which were used in building the temples and tombs. This architect did plan how to build, and they did it without mortar so that the stones could fit precisely on one another (Smith and Roger, 47). On the other hand, pillars were used to offer short stone support. Ramps were used to give workers an enabling support to carry stones to the top of structures and allow artists decorate the tops of walls and pillars (Wilkinson, 37). It is said that as pharaoh was named tomb construction began, and the construction proceeded throughout their lifetime thereby stopping at their time of demise. Pyramids Pyramids were tombs which were used to bury the pharaohs. Egyptians believed that the souls of departed kings enabled kingdoms to remain in prosperity and peace and full of blessings (Wilkinson, 33). They mummified the Kings bodies to ensure that during such difficult times like during suppressions the gods could intervene on their behalf so that they defeat the enemy for peace to prevail (Magd, 39). Mathematics Egypt had some mathematical achievements which made it possible for their education to increase tremendously. By the year 2700 BC, the Egyptians had developed the base of 10 enumerations (Shaw, 27). By the year 1300 BC, Egyptians managed to develop two algebraic equations. The innovation in mathematics gave them a cutting edge from the rest of the world. In the year 1650 BC, geometry, cotangent analogue and algebraic equations, arithmetic series and geometrics series were developed (Magd, 27). Medicine and science Edwin Smith Papyrus, a medical tradition that traces as far as 3000BC was initiated in 1600 BC. Later ancient Egypt saw Ebers Medical Papyrus, traditional empiricism; and the Worlds earliest tumors being documented in 1500 BC (Wilkinson, 33). Also, ancient Egyptian doctors gained the skills and capability of stitching wounds, repairing broken bones, and amputating infected limbs. They managed to bandage body cuts by the use of raw meat, and linen, which were soaked in honey (Magd, 31). In science, the world looks at Egyptian astrology as the origin of all astronomical knowledge. Ancient civilization of Egypt devoted much time and energy to study the heavens (Winckelmann and Alex, 59). The information was put to practical use in agriculture, geodesy and the system of weights and measures and also to study correspondences between events in the heavens and event on earth. Conclusion: Although open problems have emerged over the sophistication of Egyptian technology and its adoption of various advances, it cannot go without mentioning that Egypt shaped the Worlds civilization. This is from the Napoleonic conquests, to the modern Egyptology. The world looks at Egypt as the mother of all civilization. Currently, the country is enjoying better tourism business because of this ancient works. From artistic drawings to mummifications in pyramids to literature and medicine, Egypt has attained recognition from the world all over. Works Cited: Smith, Miranda, and Roger Stuart. Ancient Egypt. London: Kingfisher, 2010. Print. Wilkinson, Toby A. H. The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt. New York: Random House, 2010.  Print.   Shaw, Ian. The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2000. Print. Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, and Alex Potts. History of the Art of Antiquity. Los Angeles,  Calif.: Getty Research Institute, 2006. Print. Magd, Zeinab. Imagined Empires a History of Revolt in Egypt. Berkeley: U of California, 2013.  Print.

Reefer Madness Essay -- essays research papers

I. Introduction and Overview   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is something very interesting about a book with a cover promising lurid tales of sex, drugs, and cheap labor. The persona of Eric Schlosser's subject and the effective marketing behind it are very verbose in nature. Here in this book, Eric Schlosser is keeping with the long tradition of the so called, â€Å"yellow† journalism, in wresting the black market, from the back alleys of public consciousness and putting it on display in the storefront of the eye of everyone. In the painfully, yet enjoyable essays, Eric Schlosser takes us on many numerous excursions through the war on marijuana, the lives of immigrant farm workers, and the very dirty sex industry in the United States. He paints a very graphic image of hypocrisy in the policies of the U.S. government by examining the power of the economy of the underground and the misuse of government resources in legislating morality to its public. . II. Major Issues In each of the authors essays in this book, is the truth of the smut and other things of the American ideal. You could say it is a liitle bit Weber's Protestant Ethic meets Larry Flynt. In each scenario, whether through agricultural facility and personal liberties, in the case of marijuana criminalization; immigrants in search of a better life, in the case of stigmatized farm workers; or punishing a successful businessman because of his lack of morals, Eric Schlosser returns to the unpleasant image of America as a bundle of hypocrisies.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On one level, each scenario is of an American archetype of success. For a country that prides itself on its immigrant history, hard-work ethic, and financial success stories, it seems strange to make these folks look like the villains. This is what Eric Schlosser is getting at: that these people would be heroes if the American ideal were anything more than a myth. Forgotten in that ideal, rationalized somehow, is the fact that our national heritage also includes a strong grounding in Puritanical morality somewhat. This is perhaps one of the most dissatisfying aspects of Schlosser's book, that the exploration of our moral grounding is never explored all that deeply, even though it is criticized. However, it is indisputable that the author, Schlosser, feels that the American ideal has a dangerous and powerful hold on the public co... ...ese topics, or is he attempting to establish himself as a liberal?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Perhaps, ironically, Schlosser's book is attractive for the same reasons that its subjects are, it is a type of book you do not want to be caught reading. In the United States, especially in the patriotic surge following the 2001 terrorist attacks, it is unfashionable to question nationalistic conventions. If teenagers are drawn to marijuana because their parents forbid it and married men are lured by the pornography stands because it is immoral, is it also possible that disenchanted citizens are tempted by a book that portrays its government and policies as laced with duplicity? We may never know.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Table Of Contents I. Introduction and Overview II. Major Issues In The Book III. Conclusion â€Å"Reefer Madness† overview

Repressed Sexuality in Bram Stokers Dracula Essay -- Bram Stoker Dra

Repressed Sexuality in Bram Stoker's Dracula      Ã‚  Ã‚   Perhaps no work of literature has ever been composed without being a product of its era, mainly because the human being responsible for writing it develops their worldview within a particular era.   Thus, with Bram Stoker's Dracula, though we have a vampire myth novel filled with terror, horror, and evil, the story is a thinly veiled disguise of the repressed sexual mores of the Victorian era.   If we look to critical interpretation and commentary to win support for such a thesis, we find it aplenty "For erotic Dracula certainly is.   'Quasi-pornography' one critic labels it.   Another describes it as a 'kind of incestuous, necrophilious, oral-anal-sadistic all-in-wrestling matching'.   A sexual search of the novel unearths the following:   seduction, rape, necrophilia, pedophilia, incest, adultery, oral sex, group sex, menstruation, venereal disease, voyeurism" (Leatherdale   155-156).   While there are many other interpretations of the novel, such as th e vampire as a Satan figure who wishes to take away the mortality Christ won mankind, this analysis will explore how it reads as a story of repressed sexuality and the conflict it creates for the characters living in a repressed Victorian world. Christopher Craft, in his review of the novel, argues that the gender roles of males and females were extremely well-defined and limiting in Victorian society.   The male was perceived as the stronger of the sexes, and women were relegated to a voiceless and submissive role.   He argues that Harker's eager anticipation of the incestuous vampire daughters is a direct parallel of the roles of men and women in Victorian society, but the roles are reversed "Harker awaits an erotic fulfillment ... ... novel allows an outlet for natural, human biological necessities, no doubt many Victorian readers were similarly thrilled and repulsed by its deliberate depiction of them. WORKS   CITED Auerbach, N. A. and Skal, D. J.   Bram Stoker:   Dracula:   Authoritative Text, Contexts, Reviews and Reactions, Dramatic and Film Variations, Criticism.   New York, W. W. Norton & Company, 1997. Carter, M. L. (ed.).   Dracula:   The Vampire and the Critics.   Ann Arbor, U.M.I. Research Press, 1988.   Darling, L.   Dracula is us:   the vampire always sinks his fangs into our deepest fears.   Newsday.   Nov. 8, 1992, (07) 1-5. Leatherdale, C.   Dracula:   The Novel and the Legend:   A Study of Bram Stoker's Gothic Masterpiece.   Brighton, Desert Island Books, 1993. Taylor, S. B.   Stoker's Dracula.   The Explicator.   Vol. 55.   Sept. 1, 1996, (29-31) 1-3.  

Principal Agent Theory Essay

There are many settings in which one economic actor (the principal) delegates authority and/or responsibilities to an agent to act on his behalf. The primary reason for doing so is that the agent has an advantage in terms of expertise or information. This informational advantage, or information asymmetry, poses a problem for the principal—how can the principal be sure that the agent has in fact acted in her best interests? Can a contract be written deï ¬ ning incentives in such a way that the principal can be assured that the agent is taking just the action that she would take, had she the information available to the agent? Solving this problem is a matter of some concern for patients dealing with their doctors, clients dealing with their lawyers, etc. It is also a crucial concern for business ï ¬ rms dealing with their employees. Especially in the twenty-ï ¬ rst century, employees are often hired precisely because they have information available that is unavailable to the managers of a ï ¬ rm, who changes or implements new ways of work (Innovation), making sure that employee expertise is put to work in the interest of the ï ¬ rm can make the difference between success and bankruptcy–as illustrated by the performance of Google Corporation and their success. Principal-Agent Theory The key common aspect of all those contracting settings is that the information gap between the principal and the agent has some fundamental implications for the design of the bilateral contract they sign. In order to reach an efficient use of economic resources, this contract must elicit the agent ´s private information. This can only be done by giving up some information rent to the privately informed agent. Generally, this rent is costly to the principal. This cost or payment is what is known as Monitoring Cost, on which the Principal can limit divergences from his interest by establishing appropriate incentives for the agent and by incurring monitoring costs designed to limit the aberrant activities of the agent (Jensen, 1976, pg. 5). And just like in any other trade, the Principal is giving something in exchange of the actions and decisions of the Agent; we can say that the Monitoring Cost is an action with its own reaction:Bonding Cost. This is the Welfare the Agent is willing to take, on behalf of the Principal, to limit or restrict his own actions, therefore reducing the deviation from the Principal’s interests. These costs guarantee that the Agent will not take certain actions which would harm the principal or to ensure that the principal will be compensated if he does take such actions (Jensen, 1976, pg. 5). Nevertheless there will always be some divergence between the agent’s decisions and those decisions which would maximize the welfare of the principal. The equivalent of the reduction in welfare experienced by the principal as a result of this divergence is what we refer as the Residual Loss (Jensen, 1976, pg. 5). But as said on the beginning, this deal is because of a lack of information or expertise of the Principal in comparison with the Agent. This lead us to the Asymmetrical relationship. Asymmetrical relationship refers to the fact that the Agent may have more information than the Principal, leading to the fact that the Principal may not know to what degree are the actions of the Agent in the Principal’s own interests. Given the self-interest of the Agent, he may or may have not behaved as agreed (Eisenhardt, 1989, 61). Information is asymmetric because the agent, of course, knows which decision he is going to make (Spremann, 1987, pg. 4). This Asymmetrical relationship leads into a field of risk and uncertainty represented by the dilemma of Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection. Moral hazard is a situation where the behavior of one party may change to the detriment of another after the transaction has taken place. A party makes a decision about how much risk to take (Agent), while another party bears the costs if things go badly (Principal), and the party insulated from risk behaves differently than how it would if it were fully exposed to the risk. According to contract theory, moral hazard results from a situation in which a hidden action occurs. Bengt Holmstrà ¶m (1979) said this: It has long been recognized that a problem of moral hazard may arise when individuals engage in risk sharing under conditions such that their privately taken actions affect the probability distribution of the outcome. The non-observability of the agent’s action may then prevent an efficient resolution of this conflict of interest since a contract can never stipulate which action should be taken by the agent. In a moral hazard context, the random output aggregates the agent’s effort and the realization of pure luck. However, the principal can only design a contract based on the agent’s observable performance. Through this contract, the principal wants to induce, at a reasonable cost, a good action of the agent despite the impossibility to condition directly the agent’s reward on his action. In general, the non-observability of the agent’s effort affects the cost of implementing a given action. Moral hazard can be divided into two types when it involves asymmetric information (or lack of verifiability) of the outcome of a random event: Ex-Ante Moral and Ex-Post Moral. An ex-ante moral hazard is a change in behavior prior to the outcome of the random event, whereas ex-post involves behavior after the outcome. For example, in the case of a health insurance company insuring an individual during a specific time-period, the final health of the individual can be thought of as the outcome. The individual taking greater risks during the period would be ex-ante moral hazard whereas lying about a fictitious health problem to defraud the insurance company would be ex-post moral hazard. However, there is a second type of informational asymmetry which can also characterize principal-agent relationships. Adverse selection, anti-selection, or negative selection is a term used in economics, insurance, risk management, and statistics. It refers to a market process in which undesired results occur when buyers and sellers have. This is where the agent possesses some information prior to choosing an action which, if known by the principal, would influence the choice of action he would like the agent to make. The agent is then required to pass some message to the principal which depends on the ‘private information’ he has. Since the chosen effort, outcome and payoff to the agent may all depend on the message he transmits, the agent may have an incentive to misrepresent his information. The design of the contract will then have to take account of this problem of ‘adverse selection’. It is important to stress that, as adverse selection, moral hazard would not be an issue if the principal and the agent had the same objective function. Crucial to the agency cost arising under moral hazard is the conflict between the principal and the agent over which action should be carried out. Managing Innovation. First of all we have to define what is innovation. An Innovation is a new idea, which may be a recombination of old ideas, a scheme that challenges the present order, a formula, or a unique approach which is perceived as new by the individuals involved (Zaltman, Duncan, and Holbek 1973; Rogers 1982). As long as the idea is perceived as new to the people involved, it is an â€Å"innovation,† even though it may appear to others to be an â€Å"imitation† of something that exists elsewhere. Included in this definition are both technical innovations (new technologies, products, and services) and administrative innovations (new procedures, policies, and organizational forms). Even though innovation is always progress, it does not mean that can fit on everyone or that everyone will be happy applying it, and more because it involves changes. When we are talking about innovation in an enterprise, managers have to deal with 4 problems. This problems are reflected in a variety of questions the CEOs often raised (Van de Ven 1982).: 1. How can a large organization develop and maintain a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship? 2. What are the critical factors in successfully launching new organizations, joint ventures with other firms, or innovative projects within large organizations over time? 3. How can a manager achieve balance between inexorable pressures for specialization and proliferation of tasks, and escalating costs of achieving coordination, cooperation, and resolving conflicts? From these questions we can find three of four different factors that related to the Principal-Agent Theory, as Google did and we will explain it, to succeed in the implementation of innovation.First, there is the human problem of managing attention, second, the process problem is managing ideas into good currency so that innovative ideas are implemented and institutionalized, and finally there is the structural problem of managing part-whole relationships, which emerges from the proliferation of ideas, people and transactions as an innovation develops over time. It is often said that an innovative idea without a champion gets nowhere. People develop, carry, react to, and modify ideas. People apply different skills, energy levels and frames of reference (interpretive schemas) to ideas as a result of their backgrounds, experiences, and activities that occupy their attention. People become attached to ideas over time through a social-political process of pushing and riding their ideas into good currency, much like Donald Schon (1971) describes.Schon also states that what characteristically precipitates change in public policy is a disruptive event which threatens the social system. Here is where the Principal enters, because he needs the new ideas, so he makes a deal (contract) with the Agent to get those ideas. He (Agent) needs to respect and fulfil the contract previously made, incurring the bonding costs, so think or adapt ideas. In some way, the Principal or the contract is the pressure who makes the Agent work. A more realistic view of innovation should begin with an appreciation of the physiological limitations of human beings to pay attention to non routine issues, and their corresponding inertial forces in organizational life (Van de Ven and Hudson 1985). This make us think on the psychological aspect of the human being. You can implement innovation in your company or to your life (or someone else), it will be a new thing and our attention will be all focused on it. But when exposed over time to a set of stimuli that deteriorate very gradually, people do not perceive the gradual changes- they unconsciously adapt to the worsening conditions. Suddenly we lose our focus on the innovation and we just keep doing the same routine without even thinking why. Organizational structures and systems serve to sort attention. They focus efforts in prescribed areas and blind people to other issues by influencing perceptions, values, and beliefs. Janis (1985) states that only the vigilance pattern generally leads to decisions that meet the main criteria for sound decision making. Vigilance involves an extended search and assimilation of information, and a careful appraisal of alternatives before a choice is made. Here is where the Leader enters, setting the way where all efforts should go to. Most of the times, these directions go around the customers needs or wishes, and the manager materialize them into the new goals, ideas or direction of the innovation.In Principal- Agent language, here is where we can find the monitoring cost, the Principal pay attention into the actions of the Agent and corrects if necessary, in case that the actions of the Agent go in a different direction as they had stipulate on the contract. Proliferation of ideas, people, and transactions over time is a pervasive but little understood characteristic of the innovation process, and with it come complexity and interdependence – and the basic structural problem of managing part- whole relations. Transactions are â€Å"deals† or exchanges which tie people together within an institutional context. The relationship between the Principal and the Agent is a deal, a transaction. As the Principal wants a result but can not produce it by himself, puts him in the position of a transaction. The prevailing approach for handling this complexity and interdependence is to divide the labor among specialists (Agents) who are best qualified to perform unique tasks and then to integrate the specialized parts to recreate the whole. The objective, of course, is to develop synergy in managing complexity and interdependence with a deal design where the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, where both of them obtained what they were looking for. In search of that correct synergy, John R. Commons (1951), argued that transactions are dynamic and go through three temporal stages: negotiations, agreements, and administration. The deal between Principal- Agent has to be very flexible to succeed this, without being vague and confusing. Following Ashby’s (1956) principle of requisite variety, learning is enhanced when a similar degree of complexity in the environment is built into the organizational unit. This principle is a reflection of the fact that both parts are dependant of the other (the main reason of the Principal- Agent relationship) but also a reflection of the need of being in the same ground of information, or at least on the same conditions of it (if not, there would be no deal and no need of each other). With this point and Management of Attention, the Principal can avoid and solve the problems and risk of Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection. Google case Talking about innovation and implementation, we can see Google. Google is the place to work according to Fortune magazine, which listed the top 50 companies to work for. Google appears as a top contender for most features, including unusual perks, cafeterias, health cover and work environment. Even Management guru Gary Hamel praised Google in his book The Future of Management, stating that more companies should adopt their system. The system ensures that interesting ideas—even those that aren’t obvious fits for Google’s capabilities or core business model—receive some degree of attention. Their management have 3 statements and the base of all of it: First, set and communicate clear criteria for how you make funding decisions. Make sure those criteria include quantitative elements (how big could the market be) and qualitative elements (how passionate are we about this). Second, create an â€Å"ideal† innovation portfolio that blends core improvements and new growth businesses. Finally, consciously seek ideas that provide â€Å"unique† diversification by using a new channel, reaching a new customer, or creating a new revenue stream. Every developer has 20% of their time to work on any project they want, free time if you want to see it like that, but they have also to fulfil some goals, achievements and chores. they have freedom, but still, have some responsibilities that have to accomplish. Developers have to report to their managers that they had finished all of those chores. As long as they keep doing that, the deal or transaction still valid. About those 20% of free time, everything the developers creates, is property of the company, and still have to be approved by his manager, but have a complete freedom of the way of working and develop it. In exchange of that intellectual currency, Google give their employees not only their salary, but also a lot of benefits and rewards. For example Google offers include 100% health care coverage and onsite childcare facilities, also a rule at Google is that no staff member should ever be further away than 100 feet from a source of food. That doesn’t mean that they only have access to vending machines with junk food, or that the cafeterias give out quick, easy and grease-laden meals. Chefs of the highest calibre prepare range of meals, with unique variations on everyday meals. Macaroni and cheese, for instance, comes with wild mushrooms and truffles. In Google we see that the Principal-Agent and Innovation Management concepts and ideas applied. First of all, we have to begin with the need of the Principal, the motor of the transaction. Google needs to keep on the market via innovations and new products. To fulfil those needs, Google hires new development engineers, the Agents, to create those innovations. As Bonding Cost, Google offers the engineers a payroll and to take care of their life needs, such as health, food and, in some cases, housing as an equivalent of their intellectual currency. There is no way to eliminate the Residual Loss, but in Google they try to have the smallest one. They know they are asking a lot, but give a lot as well. As an example of that, Google tries to increase the welfare of their agents at all time more than any other company in the world, by giving them a greater payroll (incentive or Bonding cost) as exchange of actions, decisions and innovations that favors both parts. We can see here the vigilance that the Principal has over his Agent, the Principal does not have a total control over the Agent, but gives him some chores to do to keep him on track and to keep his ideas flowing. This vigilance or monitoring is what we can see as Monitoring Cost. Talking about Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection, Principal and Agent are always on the same track and in a lot of communication, making their bond flexible and healthy. As we said earlier, when both Principal and Agent have the same objective function, Moral Hazard and Adverse Selection, are not an issue. Great part of their success is because they understood for who are they working for: themselves. Google hires young people, not only because their potential and innovative ideas, but also because young people are the greatest part or their market. Young people working and developing tools for young people. Who understands better their needs as themselves! Conclusion Innovation is the goal of every enterprise and person in this world: we were born to improve in any moment. And even though, it is very difficult to create it or implement it. Thankfully, the Principal-Agent help us understand how some part of the human relationships work and how we can keep a healthy staff and also to remunerate them truly. Also it is important to denote that is impossible to know at all the time what the Agent is doing or going to do, but if you create the correct synergy, and set goals that will benefit both parts, the risk of a bad decision and therefore, the vigilance, can be almost eliminated and an ambience of trust is built. Something that surprise me it’s the fact that being in the same situation for a long time doesn’t helps the Innovation, when normally one thinks that this will create experience and knowledge enough to know how to change the method or create a new one to make it better. Bibliography Jean-Jacques Laffont & David Martimort; 2001;The Theory of Incentives:The Principal-Agent Model. Merton H. Miller; Kevin Rock;1985; Dividend Policy under Asymmetric Information; The Journal of Finance, Vol. 40, No. 4. (Sep., 1985), pp. 1031-1051. Ray Rees; 1985; THE THEORY OF PRINCIPAL AND AGENT:PART 2; Bulletin of Economic Research 37:2;1985. Andrew H. Van de Ven; 1986; Central Problems in the Management of Innovation; Management Science, Vol. 32, No. 5, Organization Design (May, 1986), pp. 590-607. Michael C. Jensen,William H. Meckling; 1976; Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behavior, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure. Kathleen M. Eisenhardt; 1989; Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review. Klaus Spremann; 1987; Agency Theory, Information, and Incentives; pp. 3-38. Bengt Holmstrom; 1979; Moral Hazard and Observability; The Bell Journal of Economics, Vol. 10, No. 1, (Spring, 1979), pp. 74-91. Zaltman G., Duncan R., Holbek J; 1973; Innovations and Organizations. Rogers E.; 1982; Diffusion of Innovations. Schon D.;1971; Beyond the Stable State. Janis I., Groupthink; 1982; â€Å"Sources of Error in Strategic Decision Making,† in J. Pennings (ed.), Strategic Decision Making in Complex Organizations, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 1985. Commons J.;1951; The Economics of Collection Action. Ashby W. R.; 1956; An Introduction to Cybernetics.

Marginalized Indian women in Inner Courtyard Essay

Inner Courtyard is a large compilation of short stories which is basically based upon the female issues in particular subjugation under the patriarchal order. The stories are written by women about women hailing from all corners of India and Pakistan – Assam to Kerala and Pakistan to Bengal. With the title of the collection, it gives readers an apparent impression about women’s freedom radius is only the inner courtyard of house. So is in the Vedas, the Gita and other Hindu religious scriptures, women are posed as the beings of house, crossing the threshold of house is rigorously outlawed. Equality between sexes is beyond imagination. Education remained a dream for the women and the conception of human beings as morally and intellectually capable of being educated and civilized is refused, and the conviction of the moral and intellectual advancement of humankind would result in greater happiness for everybody is deliberately sidetracked. This and many more lifeblood threads are far stretched and inconsiderate with regard to women and their rights. The book introduces with the first story highlighting this very theme. The editor of the book Laxmi Holmstrom brings out a fabulous collection of short stories from very diverse walks of life dealing each of the stories with single theme of women being marginalized, harassed, humiliated – female discrimination. In this line, many stories are powerful on their own; most have some element that reflects on the position of the society. Male ascendancy is always at honour while female’s is at stake. There is a vast disparity between an Indian woman and that of the developed nations across the world. The female honour and rights rest upon the basics of respective nations’ culture, in this respect India as a nation of strong and prehistoric culture bound by the religious scriptures cited above abandon women lamenting every moment. Their identity is always subject to the male mercy than that of the natural human rights. They are left pondering over the negligible status in the Indian set up as in Revenge Herself; the Tatri; a Brahmin woman of lowest strata in Brahmin community in Kerala, mothers in Girls, Summer Vacation, My Beloved Charioteer and Her Mother or even Sakina of The Meeting. The First Party is also an analogous illustration which encounters the husband’s vanity being modern and wise person while his wife an odd one out in the party. The first story Revenge Herself by Lalitambika Antarjanam in the collection is a powerful tale of a fallen Nambudiri woman of the 19th century. Her name itself has become a synonym for shameful among the patriarchal Nambudiri. According to the Tatri traditional, such woman’s life is giving away herself to husband in everything without any self for herself. So does she, she marries a man whom she offers herself in order â€Å"to please him in his taste of sex with the same attention I have for his taste for food†. But one point of time, he disregards her for other women and leaves her. Further he even brings a prostitute into the house and asks to become like her, â€Å"If you could be like her, I might like you better†. This results in her rebellion to revenge against her husband. She leaves his house, sets out to become a whore, working hard to learn how to please a man and eventually becomes an admired courtesan and one day her husband visits her then she reveals herself as the same Tatri; his wife who he has expected to become like a whore. In this case who would Tatri have teamed up for executing her rebellion? Society has so trained its peers that it would be impossible for anyone to entertain even remotely the ideas that she puts into execution. Summer Vacation by Kamala Das is a sweet childhood story narrated by Muthassi (grandmother) whom she visits alone. Her father drops her off at the station of Muthassi’s place. Vaidehi Akku is a story of Akku; a husbandless daughter of the patriarchal family. She exposes herself wherever her beauty can be exhibited by wearing new saris and jewelry at weddings or whatever which seems like a social objection in terms of the cultural and conservative norms. The other major story of the book is Girls by Mrinal Pande it is about three sisters and their mother who is pregnant for the fourth time for a son. They go to her Nani’s (maternal grandmother) for having the baby while their father stays back. At the outset itself, the mother refrains with, â€Å"I hope it is a boy this time. It will relieve me of the nuisance of going through another pregnancy†. Even the Nani prays god for protecting her honour so that at the fourth time she would take a son back from her parents’ home. Taking the thread of Nani, neighbour comments that the last time her skin had a pinkish tinge, now it is yellow; it is sure to be a son. Another feature of the story shares the issue with marginalization in the family, this relates to the masi of the sisters. She complains about her endurance in the house and put to work as a dog so is duly responded by all women. In continuance of the first issue of gender discrimination, the following statement carries serious social consideration when their father assures that there is a bright star in the sky and they work hard they can become anything they want to just as Dhruva star, the author in the girl’s character asks, â€Å"But I can’t become a boy, can I? † This marks grave place in girls’/women’s hearts and pains for longer or perhaps lifelong. In case of the girl in the story, the girl rebels at the occasion of Ashtami (kanyakumari) puja calling the society if they do not love girls they should not pretend to worship them either. This story illustrates the scenario of a male dominating world and how female gender is subjugated. The opening introduces characters of the story. Despite the fact that how the story is set in a male dominating there is very little to mention of the male gender. The first sentence is bold and exasperated, desensitized mother who thinks that girls have no visage and always looks forward to the boys. Yellow Fish by Ambai – a simple two page story compares the torture a fish feeling on being tossed out of the sea to the anxiety of a woman’s feelings. The story shares any Indian woman’s feelings and her freedom of choice and life is at the patriarchal order. The next finest story of the collection is Ismat Chughtai’s Chauthi ka Jaura. The greatest mission of the Siddiqui in life is to provide a husband for the elder daughter Naseema who is not gifted in matters of health or features. She is frail and un-voluptuous and has a thin hair. When the daughter’s cousin comes to stay with them for some time as part of his professional training, it proves to be a godsend to them. They begin plotting to arrange the cousin’s interest in the elder daughter but instead, the younger and more daring daughter is sent as the messenger with the proposition. Due to this circumstantial misunderstanding, the cousin agrees to marry, but with the younger sister, without knowledge of the fact, the ladies of the house rejoice. The cousin can no longer control himself and grabs the younger girl. The elder daughter commits suicide at that. After some time, the ladies continue to stitch the Chautha ka Jaura while the younger daughter sits and looks at them without response and careless. Another beautiful story is the First Party by Attia Hossain which depicts in marvelous manner the conventional or orthodox women being put to stake at the cost of sophistication and modern life traits. The woman in the story is just married and taken to a modern party to be introduced wherein all sophisticated people gather and enjoy, drink, eat and dance with their or different partners. The woman is not used to it though she hails from an equally affluent family. She feels embarrassed among the people involved in partying. Being pressed by her husband and others, she refuses to involve but keep sitting aside with a glass in hand. At such demeanor, he feels being humiliated and dishonoured having such unrefined and orthodox wife as the partying people laugh at his wife. Should education, if imparted to women, not play major and vital contribution in women’s life in totality as in the case of this woman of the First Party? Or who should be responsible for her being orthodox and traditional, respecting the culture which in many terms is treasured the patriarchal order or the women or even the culture itself? The Meeting by Shama Fatehally also comes out with similar male mindset in the Indian social set up. The protagonist of the story; a Muslim unmarried girl is given a marriage proposal which incredibly unexpected for Sakina who is so fat like ‘elephantine’ and nothing in looks to mention. She is nostalgic by the thought of the proposal. She is apprehensive about the person to be ‘a real man’. It gives way out to dreaming about the boy to be a handsome person like a dream hero etc. Her father criticises her for daydreaming. True to it, it proves to be a foil to her dream as her partner is not a boy but a middle aged man. Father forgets that a human being dreams and marriage of either female or male is dreamt about the partner. A general question can be posed to the society, should the women looking ugly or whatever not have right to dreaming like the counterparts in boys and men who may be equally looking ugly or so. If men hold the right, women should also possess. Shashi Deshpande’s My Beloved Charioteer and Mahasweta Devi’s Dopdi picturise the similar stories of women being victimised at every stage of life whether as a girl, married woman, mother or even old woman. Grandmother in the former story is a sheer victim of the patriarchal order even before her marriage till her husband’s death. She feels envious at her daughter’s happy married life and when her affliction for her dead husband for whom she gives up her own and her daughter’s life. It is a shock to the readers. The latter story deals with the extreme brutality of human beings towards the woman. It relates to Mahabharata’s Draupadi on how she was humiliated publicly which added to the pride of the then men folk. All this went for no fault of Draupadi. This cruelty ever since continues witnessing and spreading the message. Dopdi of this story is a tribal woman revolts against the society at large but beaten by the treachery of the militancy and raped inhumanly. L. Vishwapriya’s the Library Girl is an impressive story and only optimistic story of the book where woman is honoured and let free to read and roam around the town though a Muslim girl. But it does keep the thrust of dishonoring the girl as she comes of age. She is put into golden cage; a Persian robe (burqa). She thinks the robe adding beauty to her personality but hidden it in the guise of the robe. Her budding beauty is hidden from the malicious eyes about which she is unaware. The book offers both detailed argumentation and passionate eloquence in opposition to the social inequalities commonly imposed upon women by a patriarchal culture. Just as in revolutionary Lalitambika Antarjanam defends the emancipation of women on utilitarian grounds. The legal subordination of one sex to another is immoral in itself and now one of the chief hindrances to human improvement; and that it ought to be replaced by a system of perfect equality, admitting no power and privilege on the one side, nor disability on the other. Women are brought up to act as if they were weak, emotional, docile – a traditional prejudice. If tried equality, the results can be seen benefitting to individual women. They would be free of the unhappiness of being told what to do by men. And there are benefits for society at large doubling the mass of mental faculties available for the higher service of humanity. The ideas and potential of half the population would be liberated, producing a great effect on human development. These marginalised women have today set their feet on all fields and corners of life with regard to education and professional assignments. A long way witnesses many such destinations, if she is equal and free.

Love: How Is It?

Amrita Sarkar English 1B 19th September 2012 Love: How Is It? Life has lots of emotions: happiness, sorrow, guilt, frustration, love, and so on. Love is the one emotion which brings in huge changes in our lives and a different kind of emotion begins with it. How can we describe it? Describing love is very hard because in every phase of life, characterization of love can be varied. In childhood, through romantic films and stories, we started to get feeling that love is passionate and when people will be going through it, life would be full of happiness.In adulthood, people’s perception about love might change. Those who are fantasizing about love realized that it is not only about physical attraction but also about relationship, responsibilities and companionship. When ages grow, some people become optimistic about love, some become pessimistic and some of them are on a way to rediscover love. Definition of love can be changed not only with one’s maturity level but also with his/her cultural values.In Raymond Carver story – ‘What We Talk About When We Talk About Love’ – the main protagonists Mel and Terri, and Jhumpa Lahiri’s creation – ‘Going Ashore’ – soon to be married couple, Hema and Navin, had enough knowledge about love but they could not still fully realize it. So, they are on their ways to discover the essence of love. Mel-Terrie and Hema-Navin, all four are mature persons. Individually they all previously experienced love. In ‘What We Talk About When We Talk About Love’, Carver described that Mel and Terri had unsuccessful marriages in the past. Terri’s marriage with Ed was abusive.But Terri claimed that Ed was possessive but loving husband. As a proof, she said about Ed, â€Å"He beat me up one night. He dragged me around the living room by my ankle†. Even with this aggressive behavior toward her, Ed â€Å"†¦ kept saying ‘I love you, I lov e you, you bitch’† (Carver 722). On the other hand, Mel and Marjorie also had a bad marriage. After they ended their relationship, there was no feeling left other than hatred toward each other. Mel expressed his feeling by saying, â€Å"There was a time when I thought I loved my first wife more than life itself. But now I hate her guts†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Carver 725).In ‘Going Ashore’, Navin also went through short-term relationship in the past. But his fiance, Hema, was in a strong, long-lasting relationship with Jullian. Hema was dedicated to the relationship for a decade, but Jullian failed to give her a secure life. Hema’s insecurity about her position in Jullian’s life and her urge for stability were the reasons to end their relationship. She declared to Jullian, â€Å"I’m engaged to be married† (Lahiri 626). After rocky relationship in the past, now everybody is in a new phase of life, but it seems two couples could not connect with each other.Hema and Navin, like many other Indian couples, were going to get married on their parents’ will. Hema was brought-up in western culture. She could not make her mind to marry Navin by such an old approach. She was self-conflicted and her conflict was evident in this quotation, â€Å"she refused to think of it as an arranged marriage, but knew in her heart that that was what it was† (Lahiri 625). She did not bother to wear engagement ring. When people asked her about it she promptly answered, â€Å"I don’t have one. † (Lahiri 634).Hema and Navin’s marriage looked as if they were with each other just for search of stability and companionship in life. Heme was unsure about their marriage even when Navin was planning for their honeymoon and future. Taking decisions about future are required involvement of both partners. They two were so unknown to each other that they could not read each other’s mind. Carver, on the other hand, described Mel as a cardiologist by occupation but he was clueless and emotionless about love. Mel and Terri were married for five years, but they had not been discovered essence of love and companionship.Mel thought that â€Å"real love was nothing less than spiritual love† (Carver 722). He also considered that if â€Å"something happened† to his partner, then â€Å"the other person, would grieve for a while, you know, but then the surviving party would go out and love again,  have someone else soon enough† (Carver 725). In contrast, Terri was fantasizing about her past and wanted to convince other that her ex-marriage was also blissful and passionate. She portrayed Ed’s aggression as love and said to others that, â€Å"†¦ he loved me† but â€Å"In his own way maybe†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Carver 722).It seems very strange when two people were in bonding like marriage but they talked about their ex, how much they loved them, scope of future new rela tionship, and their failure to understand one another. These incidents indicated that how much they were detached to each other. Bonding between them was very fragile. In most relationships across the globe, one element is very common – male dominance. The stories about these two couples were also not different. Both characters, Mel and Navin, were highly educated. They were financially stronger than their spouses and were controlling their relationships.In a party at their place with friends, when Mel said to Terri to â€Å"Just shut up for once in your life†, it expressed his supremacy in their marriage. Mel verbally abused Terri in front of guests, but she did not protest. In the ‘Going Ashore’, Navin was also controlling in taking mutual decisions. He was contemplating for a baby all by himself and cancelled their honeymoon plan at Goa. During those plans, he did not care to know about Hema’s wishes. From portrayal of characters and incidents, w e got an idea that in Mel-Terri’s relationship, Terri was more dependent on her spouse.She was still abused verbally by Mel. But Hema, a PhD scholar and a lecturer at Wellesley College, was more independent. She had total control over her life. Her decade-long relationship with Jullian makes her stronger. At the age thirty seven, when biological clock was ticking away, her parents wanted to see her get settled and she also wished for it. Hema belonged to Indian society where arrange marriage is very common. So, she agreed to go for her marriage by her parents’ choice. From Carver’s description, we did not get any indication about Terri’s education background and job status.Mel’s attitude toward her showed that her character was weaker than Hema. Jhumpa Lahiri’s â€Å"Going Ashore† portrayed its characters whose origin was in India but they were immigrants to America and adopted western culture. In India, people have different values t han we find in America. Indian culture believes that person should sacrifice for relation. People in India are motivated to reform themselves to strengthen relationship and to respect it lifelong. Hema and Navin were getting married by knowing each other only for few months. In between her wedding with Navin, Hema was attracted to Kausik at Rome.Their bonding was great but they did not commit to each other because of family values. Family was very important to Hema – that was why she asked her parents to find a suitable groom for her. Thus, Hema’s parents found Navin for her and she also believed that Navin was probably a suitable guy for her too. In Indian culture, marriage is an institute which also creates bonding between two families. Hema and Navin were taking risk to know each other and to spend their lives together by getting married for the sake of their families.In contrast, Mel-Terri was started dating when Terri’s was still married to Ed. And Mel ende d his marriage with Marjorie, despite the fact that they had two children. Their family bonding was very feeble. Mel had not even understood value of selfless love and stable relationship. When two people were deeply in love with each other, he thought this emotion was hilarious and phony. Through the representation of ‘What We Talk About When We Talk About Love’, we feel pessimistic about love but ‘Going Ashore’ is hopeful about new beginning.Jhumpa Lahiri and Raymond Carver also give us different views of love that changes with cultural background. In American culture, people give emphasis to their sentiments rather than family values. Lahiri shows us different angle of relationship. But both stories show us that dominance toward women is present in every part of globe and in every form of relationship. After reading these stories, we get different views of love, from which I realized that we should respect our partner and care for their thoughts.We, also , should give them equal space for healthy and better future relationship. Both the stories, ‘What We Talk About When We Talk About Love’ and ‘Going Ashore’, show us new direction and help us to review our bonding with near and dear ones. Works Cited Carver, Raymond. â€Å"What We Talk About When We Talk About Love. † Making Literature Matter. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. 721-30. Print. Lahiri, Jumpa. â€Å"Going Ashore. † Making Literature Matter. 5th ed. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2012. 622-46. Print.

My position with flatworld

In this third era of globalization described by Thomas Friedman, the world has shrank from small to tiny and made it a flat playing field.   It is not about nations and states that compete globally but individuals doing research to create the best software in line with the fiber optic technology and broadband. Suddenly, a person from Los Angeles is talking to his product manufacturer in Cebu, Philippines through video chat and almost in real time. The best news for everyone is that this technology is getting better and more affordable so everyone may have access. The world is breaking barriers so a person who wants to excel in the field of information system and technology must have prudence and cunning to be the best in the field. The existing convention of our system information engineers in the corporate business includes the analyses of operations, inventory, salary, and etcetera. To conquer the field in a more competitive ground, one must be able to look at the world’s convention, its potential and be able to predict. In other words, one has to have foresight. I am currently interested in furthering studies and research in Geographical Information system. â€Å"It is a system for capturing, storing, analyzing and managing data and associated attributes which are spatially referenced to the earth. In the strictest sense, it is a computer system capable of integrating, storing, editing, analyzing, sharing, and displaying geographically-referenced information. In a more generic sense, GIS is a tool that allows users to create interactive queries (user created searches), analyze the spatial information, edit data, maps, and present the results of all these operations† (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_system). I believe that the world has to have a bigger layout of the existing environment so one would be able to make a good feasibility study and ultimately a good decision. The competition in this line of project and business is yet scarce, in fact one has to invest so much for a universal GIS to be used anywhere in the world. My vision would be to create a language for the GIS to make it universal. Germany, China and other countries have developed their own GIS yet it would not be understandable or would need a translation for another person in Greece, for example, to read it. Perhaps, this system would get be more valuable for everyone if a Universal Platform GIS will be available to everyone.   I will have to start mapping in the United States territory first, in my own country where I will be able to create a good market and then expand in the real world setting. The more data there is in the GIS system which must include the people, animals and plants (read: the GIS system should not be limited to infrastructures and highways alone) the more it is attractive to the market. The more information, the more the system will be useful for every person in every field. My idea is to use the existing network of Information System schools and universities and create a database of demography, topography, ecosystem, field engineering, infrastructures, highways and even waterways. This information will be mapped in the Universal Platform GIS and create a multi-dimensional overlay that is user-friendly, even a grade-schooler will be able to operate it. Although the main idea is to market it to corporate investors and larger business scales from farming, to food chains, to manufacturers and even foresters, an ordinary person would still be ale to use it in his own car, for example, where it would work like a â€Å"telenav† device (maps out a certain locality based on network provider) but with more overlays. Of course, with the Universal Platform GIS, it will be able to create a customized program which is web-based that a person that would not be so technical would be empowered to use the system without any qualms. In a businessman’s benefit, for example, where he wishes to invest on creating a Mc Donald outlet in the suburbs in India, he would only log-in to my website with his username and password and the needed information on the demographics in a suburb in New Delhi would be available. Information, like the number of potential customers because the target customers of the food outlet would be children, adolescents and young adults, he would know the potential market in the area. He would also be equipped with the average income of the people and the potential market and profit. A good area on where to position the infrastructure would be available upon further research in the area because the database would also include a good topography which is multi-dimensional. Sources of supplies for the product would be available for the customer since a list of businesses in the area and nearest farms are available in the website.   To make this universal platform more friendly, a customer service representative is available 24/7 for any questions that he may need about the area and a person in the locality, who would be very familiar with the area will answer his questions. Another application would be a person in the University of Texas doing his research on a remote area in Africa, he would need information about the number of grasslands, the number of forest lands and the number of desert land in the area. Aside from that, the researcher would also be able to find an updated inventory of the number of flora and fauna in the area because the business of Universal Platform GIS would include a yearly subscription for updates on a specific area. An accurate number of plants and animals would be available for the customer depending on his existing need. My system is connected to any existing credible groups in the area so that an expert would also be available in the area for any specific questions that might need a real person’s answer. So, a real-time expert’s opinion would be available for the university researcher for more precise information. Therefore, information in the research would be exact and much updated. A French person in Guatemala who is trapped in the middle of nowhere who is having an asthma attack would just need to hit an emergency care button on her online Universal Platform GIS and she would be able to see the nearest rescue service in her area. She will be given information on estimated time of arrival of any rescue service as well as she can monitor through her mobile phone screen where the rescue services are already through the artificial intelligence that is incorporated in the system. His anxieties would also be lessened because of the continuous update on his rescue service is also available. A client would feel safe and secure anywhere he would be in the world even if language obviously is a barrier.   The program will be able to transcend from any existing obstacle because it is customized already to the needs and the personality of the person using it. In this line of business ownership, one must be able to maintain the security systems of the software so potential hackers would not be able to bug the system. Since the software is web-based, a pool of experts is also partners in the service to continuously monitor the safekeeping of the information and its management. The system must have a login protocol for authentication so that the information would be protected.   This should also be continuously updated with the systems of each user so that they would also feel secure with the information that they are getting. The future of the Information System in business should be equipped with foresight that should keep all data in any given environment and locality is available for everyone’s use. The startup of the GIS would be very costly; however, the business side of it is endless. To be able to keep the line of business, my next role would be to continuously update the system. The more information there is available, the more appeal it would be for every potential person in the market.   

Ways to Help the Poor.

There are different ways to address poverty and one of them is charity which means simple response to immediate need and specific situations. No one can actually eliminate poverty, but we each can do our part to reduce it around us just by starting in our community, or by starting in a local food bank that provides a necessary service for persons, who for whatever reason cannot afford a meal for themselves and their loved ones. Home for the Homeless were we can provide meals, clothing, laundry service and a resource center all free of charge.Most important is help them with learning because more than one in ten children living in the increasing world never gets the chance to go to school, in that case what we can do is found scholar ships programs, and also once in school, children need to be guaranteed of a safe environment enable them to understand their potential and why it is import to learn, like classroom construction, growth and supply of equipment because basic education, giv es people greater money-making opportunities and empowers them to lead healthier and more useful lives.The other way to address poverty is social justice which means ensuring those in society that they can fulfill their basic needs. The first thing we can do and a solution for all is to ask the government to lower the taxes. If taxes are lower then there would be more help for the poor because there would be more business and employment opportunities available for them to get a descent paycheck every week to feed, and cloth their family. You might be asking, why do I have to help the poor?Well children as they grow up in poverty, it seems more likely to have poor health care later in life when compared to those children who are not poor. When compared to non-poor children, children in poverty are somewhat more likely to have lower income and are a bit more likely to engage in crime. Another reason is because you’re helping them achieve their potential, so that they can contri bute to the economy by improving their own situation and also when you help one you help God as well as if one body suffers we all suffer with it.

Audit and Internal Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Audit and Internal Control - Essay Example There are no hard and fast rules for auditing, which can be prescribed for all the countries. These rules can be different for different countries according to their needs and cultural settings. According to ICAEW (2002) with all the contrasts present in the rules and regulations of different countries emphasis is given to generic auditing principles of responsibility, accountability, transparency and fairness. "Inventory controls are designed to ensure the safe custody. Such controls include restriction of access documentation and authorisation of movements regular Independent inventory counting and review of Inventory condition." (BPP, 2008) Recording of Inventory: In order to effectively control the Inventory on the basis of book inventory it is important to segregate the duties of custody and recording of inventory. It is important to check if the pair of shoes are checked and recorded at their reception. Inventory issues are supported by appropriate documentation. It is also important to maintain Inventory records such as Inventory ledger, Bin cards and Transfer records. The physical counts of the inventory should be recon ciliated with the computed amounts. The transactions having high values should be analyzed. The inventory items should be divided into different divisions according to group, location, type, etc. The inventory age should be calculated by the date of receipt. The sales transactions should be checked according to the prices, quantities, extension and totals in the sales register. There is not any evidence of issuing the invoices to the customers. The sales transactions should also be checked according to the sequential numbers of blank invoices and regular sequential checks. The sample of the inventory movement records should be taken and cross checked with the goods received and dispatched according to the

How Successfully Does the Companies Act 2006 Promote Shareholder Essay

How Successfully Does the Companies Act 2006 Promote Shareholder Engagement Wth Their Company - Essay Example In UK, where commercial activities are highly developed, the specific problem is clearer. The introduction of the Companies Act 2006 aimed to cover the gaps of previous legal rules in regard to the regulation of companies across UK. It seems that this target has been achieved. It should be examined whether the provisions of Companies Act 2006 manage to secure the protection of shareholders rights, as a factor influencing their engagement with the organization. The ability of the Companies Act 2006 to promote shareholder engagement with their organization is reviewed in this paper. It is proved that the specific legislative text has highly contributed in the increase of shareholder engagement with their organization, even if, in certain cases, the simultaneous development of other initiatives, such as the intervention of the Financial Services Authority (FSA) has been considered as necessary. The elements of shareholder engagement with their organization are critically explained aimin g to show the value of the specific concept for the standardization of business performance in UK, as also in other countries worldwide. 2. Shareholder engagement with their company and the Companies Act 2006 2.1 Aspects of shareholder engagement with their company as related to the Companies Act 2006 Shareholders have a critical role in the success of businesses in all industries. This fact has been highlighted in the case law developed in the particular field. For example, in Item Software (UK) Ltd v Fassihi it was held that the director who has acted without taking into consideration the interests of the company violated the organization’s rules and he should be punished accordingly. In West Coast Capital (Lios) Limited (2008), a case heard before the Scottish Courts, it was held that a director has the responsibility ‘to promote the success of the company for the benefit of its members as a whole’ (Warren J. in West Coast Capital Limited 2008). The term †˜company’ in the above case is used in order to reflect the members of the company and not the company as a legal entity. According to the above cases, directors have to align their decisions with the interests of the company’s members, meaning primarily the shareholders (Birds et al. 2010, p.197). These cases reflect the value of shareholders in modern organization; therefore, the shareholder engagement with the organization should be a critical part of corporate governance, so that business success is secured. In the legal rules focusing on the regulation of companies, the protection of the interests of shareholders is also recognized as a key priority. In Companies Act 2006 the value of shareholder engagement with their organization can be derived from various provisions, as for example, the s32, which defines the obligation for providing constitutional documents to the company’s members, the s91, where the requirements for share capital are set, the section s 146-151 that refer to the information rights of a company’s members, the sections 171-177 that set the obligations of directors in regard to their position and so on (Companies Act 2006). The forms of shareholder engagement with their company are not common in all organizations. However, in general, the efforts of the shareholders to support all plans of their firm are

To Spy Or Not To Spy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

To Spy Or Not To Spy - Essay Example The CEO advocates for the spyware software because he thinks it will enable the management to monitor all the activities of the employees while at work, and in turn, improve their productivity and efficiency while discharging their duties and responsibilities. However, the other members of the management and board are against this move because it is an outright proof to the employees that the management does not have any trust and confidence in their work. As such, there are fears that this move will reduce the output of employees rather than improving it as even the employees are against the infringement of their privacy through unnecessary spying by the management while at work. They rather advocate for evaluation and appraisal of the output of employees as opposed to their production process as the latter affects their productivity. The management comes to an agreement to reduce the scope of monitoring and spying on employees while at work. This at least brings about some form of understanding between the members of the board of directors and executive management. In addition, this move instills more confidence among the employees who feel that the organization trusts them a little more by not monitoring all the moves and activities that they undertake while at their workplace The reason why the management and the board of directors settled on the second option of reducing the rate of spying the employees was majorly that this agreement would bring about some form of understanding between the top decision makers of the company. If the CEO were to go ahead and implement his proposition against the wills and desires of the other members of the board and management team, he would receive maximum resistance, which in turn would erode the desired effects of the planned move. In addition, this would also create tension within the institution, which is not good for the normal operations of the company to ensure maximum productivity.